Research Documentation Bibliography

This bibliography documents the research conducted by contributors to the Riversdale Bookshelf project as they created the Calvert Library.

Printed Materials are listed alphabetically as:

• Secondary Sources
• Primary Sources

Online Resources are listed by subject:

• Agriculture
• Calvert Family
• Maryland History
• Reading and Printing

You may also wish to refer to the Further Research Bibliography, which includes titles that we encountered but did not use directly in our research. Two bibliographic essays may be of interest, as well:

• "Gardening in the United States, 1794-1821: A Bibliographic Essay"
  
• "Women and Reading in the United States, England, and France, 1794- 1820: A Bibliographic Essay"

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Printed Materials

Secondary Sources

Arnold, James Riehl. "The Battle of Bladensburg." Records of the Columbian Historical Society. 37-38 (1937): 145-68.

Arnold's account of the battle is a traditional military history that balances British and American perspectives. The burning of the capitol and other Washington, D.C., buildings are highlighted.

Aslin, Mary S. Catalogue of the Printed Books on Agriculture published between 1471 and 1840 with notes on the authors. Aberdeen, Univ. Press, 1926? 331 p. (Rothamsted Expt. Sta., Harpenden, England. Library.)

Bailey, L. H., and Ethel Zoe Bailey, comps. A Biographical Register of Rural leadership in the United States and Canada. Ithaca, N. Y., 1925.

Barnett, "The Agricultural Museum: An Early American Periodical," Agricultural History 2:99-102. April 1928.

Berger, Howard S. Riverdale Historic Survey. Upper Marlboro, Md: Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, 1991.

This booklet focuses on the town of Riverdale and does not include much information about the mansion.

--. Riverdale Park Architectural Survey. Upper Marlboro, Md: Prince George's County Planning Dept., 2001.

This booklet focuses on the town of Riverdale and does not include any information about the mansion.

Bishko, Lucretia Ramsey. "Lafayette and the Maryland Agricultural Society: 1824-1832." Maryland Historical Magazine 70 (Spring 1975): 45-67.

General Lafayette visited the United States in 1824 and received a typical reception in Maryland, with banquets, pageants, and reminiscences (p. 46). In Baltimore, the Maryland Agricultural Society, then six years old, recognized and greeted Lafayette as a practical agriculturist (p. 46-7). John S. Skinner, postmaster of Baltimore and editor of the leading agricultural journal The American Farmer, invited the general to the society's next meeting and exhibition. The Maryland Agricultural Society elected him to be an honorary member of their organization after he attended their fifth annual agricultural fair. Once Lafayette returned to Europe, he continued to exchange correspondence and agriculturally related gifts with Skinner.

The Bookpress Ltd. Books in America Before the Death of Thomas Jefferson. Catalogue 121. Williamsburg, Va: n.d.

Boucher, Jonathan. Reminiscences of an American loyalist, 1738-1789, being the autobiography of the Revd. Jonathan Boucher, Rector of Annapolis in Maryland and afterwards Vicar of Epsom, Surrey, England, edited by his grandson Jonathan Bouchier. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1925.

Bousse, Alfons. "Holidays and Festivals in the Low Countries." Riversdale Letter 14 (Fall 1997): 2-3.

--. "Rosalie Calvert's Heritage: A Rich Diet from Wealthy Antwerp." Riversdale Letter 14 (Summer 1997): 2-4.

--. "The European Education of Rosalie Stier." Riversdale Letter 8 no. 36 (Winter 1991): 2-3.

--. "A Letter to Rosalie Calvert, nee Stier, chatelaine of Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 7 no. 33 (Winter 1990): 2-3.

Bowers, Douglas. A List of References for the History of Agriculture in the United States, 1790-1840.

Bowie, Effie Gwyn. Across the Years in Prince George's County: A genealogical and Biographical History of Some Prince George's County, Maryland and Allied Families. Richmond: Garrett and Massie, 1947.

Bridgman, Richard. "Jefferson's Farmer before Jefferson." American Quarterly Vol. 14, No. 4 (Winter 1962): 567-577.

Brigham, Clarence. An Account of American Almanacs and Their Value for Historical Study. Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1925.

--. History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690-1820. Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1947.

Bristol, Roger P. Maryland Imprints, 1801-1810. Charlotessville: University of Virginia Press for the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1953.

Browne, Margaret Lynne and Vanorny, Patricia M. Piety, Chastity, and Love of Country: Education in Maryland to 1916. Annapolis, Md.: Maryland State Archives, 1984. [no information on George Calvert's involvement with the Bladensburg Academy]

Brugger Maryland: A Middle Temperament. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press in association with the Maryland Historical Society, 1988.

Buonocore, Susan C. "Within Her Garden Wall": The Meaning of Gardening for the Republican Woman, Rosalie Stier Calvert and the Gardens of Riversdale (1803-1821). Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, 1996.

Callcott, George. "The Quality of Life in Maryland over Five Centuries." Maryland Historical Magazine, 96 (Fall 2001): 272-302.

--. "The Riversdale Plantation Map of 1853." Riversdale Letter 12 (Winter 1995): 2-4.

Callcott, Margaret Law. Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stier Calvert, 1795-1821. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

--. "The Calvert-Custis Connection." Riversdale Letter 14 (Spring 1997): 3.

--. "Inventory of a Maryland Slave Cabin." Riversdale Letter 12 (Spring 1995): 2-4.

--. "Slave and Slave Families at Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 13 (Fall 1996): 2-5.

--. "Slave Housing at Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 11 (Fall 1994): 2-4.

--. "Mrs. Calvert's Poet." Riversdale Letter 14 (Spring 1997): 2.

--. "The Eighteenth Century Calvert Residence in Annapolis." Riversdale Letter 16 (Winter 1999): 2-4.

--. "Rosalie Stier Calvert's Convent Education." Riversdale Letter 18 (Summer 2001): 2-4.

--. "First Stages of Riversdale Archaeology Completed: 1853 Plantation Map Aids Diggers." Riversdale Letter 13 (Spring 1996): 2-4.

--. "The Mystery of the Sully Portrait." Riversdale Letter 10 no. 43 (Summer 1993): 2-3.

--. "A Proper Dinner Party in the 1830s." Riversdale Letter 10 no. 42 (Fall 1993): 2-3.

--. "Robert E. Lee and the Calverts of Riversdale: Part III." Riversdale Letter 10 no. 41 (Spring 1993): 2-4.

--. "Calvert Barn in College Park." Riversdale Letter 9 no. 40 (Winter 1992): 2.

--. "Robert E. Lee and the Calverts of Riversdale: Part II." Riversdale Letter 9 no. 39 (Fall 1992): 2-3.

--. "Robert E. Lee and the Calverts of Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 9 no. 37 (Spring 1992): 2-4.

--. "Julia's Summer House, 1865: An Unwelcome Visitor." Riversdale Letter 7 no. 34 (Spring 1991).

--. "Julia's Houseparty, Summer 1855." Riversdale Letter 7 no.32 (Fall 1990): 2, 4.

--. "Riversdale's Original Builder Gave Shape to Stier's Plans." Riversdale Letter 7 no. 31 (Summer 1990).

--. "Rosalie's Belgium: Homes and Correspondence Capture a Way of Life." Riversdale Letter 7 no.29 (Fall 1989).

--. "The Stiers in America." Riversdale Letter 6 no.24 (Summer 1988): 2, 4.

--. "The Trials of Farming." Riversdale Letter 5 no.19 (Spring 1987): 3.

--. "The Washington Races, 1803." Riversdale Letter 4 no. 18 (Winter 1986).

--. "Schooling at Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 4 no. 17 (Fall 1986): 2-3.

--. "The Calvert-Stier Letters and Restoration II." Riversdale Letter 4 no. 16 (May 1986).

--. "The Calvert-Stier Letters and Restoration." Riversdale Letter 4 no.15 (Spring 1986): 2.

--. "Historical Plantings at Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 3 no. 12 (Summer 1985): 2.

--. "The Children in the Calvert Cemetery." Riversdale Letter 3 no. 11(Spring 1985): 2.

--. "George Henry Calvert's Will." Riversdale Letter 18 n. 68 (Summer 2000): 2-4.

Cantrell, Clyde. Reading Habits of Antebellum Southerners. Ph.D. diss, University of Illinois, 1960.

Carrier, Lyman. The Beginnings of Agriculture in America. New York: McGray-Hall, 1923.

Cashell, Harry D. "The History of the Turnpike roads in Maryland." Records of Phi Mu, University of Maryland Libraries.

This 1928 unpublished paper does not include any information about George Calvert's involvement with the Baltimore-Washington Turnpike.

Catlin, Sara. "Benedict Calvert, Esq.: Man of Maryland." Riversdale Letter 19 no. 2 (Spring 2002): 2-3.

Click, Patricia C. "Enlightened Entertainment: Educational Amusements in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore." Maryland Historical Magazine 85 (Spring 1990): 1-14.

Baltimore serves as a case study to illustrate how "Americans struggled throughout the century to define the purpose and value of amusement activities" (p. 1). In the minds of Baltimoreans, like other urban Americans of the period, definitions of amusement shifted from educational refreshment to pure, passive entertainment. Click examines the themes of exhibitions, museums, and lectures in Baltimore to reveal the changing meanings of leisure. Attractions with biblical or historical themes gave way to exhibitions of natural and mechanical science and eventually to living curiosity "freak shows" and musical performances. While church and moral opinion-makers had influence over how antebellum Baltimoreans approached their leisure time, business and commercial interests held sway over late nineteenth-century conceptions of entertainment.

Cox, Richard. A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of the Calvert Papers. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1973.

Danhof, Clarence H. "American Evaluations of European Agriculture." Journal of Economic History, vol. 9 (1949): 61-71.

Davis, Christina A., ed. The Riverdale Story: Mansion to Municipality. Riverdale Park: Town of Riverdale Park, 1996.

De Courcelles, Dominique, and Carmen Val Julián, eds. Des Femmes et des livres: France et Espagne, XIVe - XVIIe siècle. Paris: École nationale des chartes, 1999.

Demaree, Albert Lowther. American Agricultural Press, 1819-1860. 1941. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, Inc., 1974.

DeMarr, Fred. "Charles B. Calvert, Agriculturalist." Riversdale Letter 6 no. 23 (Spring 1988): 3-4.

--. "Charles B. Calvert, Agriculturalist, Part II." Riversdale Letter 6 no.24 (Summer 1988): 3-4.

Dowell, Susan Stiles. Great Houses of Maryland. Centerville, Md.: Tidewater Publishers, 1988.

Dowell features 21 estate houses and mansions of Maryland from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The volume explores the material culture interpretations, architectural features, family history, and preservation and restoration efforts surrounding each house. Houses highlighted include Sotterley, Mount Clare, the Hampton Mansion, the Carroll Mansion, and the Paca House (where the Stier family resided during their three years in Annapolis).

Durrenberger, Joseph A. Turnpikes: A Study of the Toll Road Movement in the Middle Atlantic States and Maryland. Valdosta, Ga.: 1931.

Eberhardt, Lynne A. "Passion and Propriety: Tidewater Marriages in the Colonial Chesapeake." Maryland Historical Magazine 93 (Fall 1998): 324-47.

Edwards, Everett. A Bibliography of the History of Agriculture in the United States. USDA Miscellaneous Publication no. 84. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GPO, 1930.

Everson, Ida. George Henry Calvert: American Literary Pioneer. New York: Columbia UP, 1944.

A bibliography of Calvert's published work is provided as an appendix.

Everstine, Carl N. The General Assembly of Maryland 1776-1850. Charlottesville, Va.: Michie Co., 1982

"Calvert County" receives many mentions, but no members of the Calvert family are listed in the index. This volume details the proceedings and history of the state general assembly in the Early Republic and Antebellum periods.

Ferguson, Ann M. "Heritage of Another Riversdale Family." Riverdale Town Crier 26 (March 1997): 3.

Ferguson, Ann and Leigh Ryan. "Preserving Riversdale: A Brief History of the Riversdale Historical Society." Riversdale Letter 19 no. 1 (Winter 2002): 2-4.

Forman, H. Chandlee. Early Manor and Plantation Houses of Maryland. Easton, Md., and Haverford, Penn.: Private printing for the author, 1934.

Manor and plantation houses, as defined by this text, are not large estate mansions, but smaller houses built during the "feudal manorial system" of land appropriation practiced by the Lords Baltimore in Colonial Maryland. Forman provides descriptions and brief histories for over two hundred manor houses and illustrates the text with photographs, drawings, and architectural floor plans. The emphasis is on the architectural, rather than social, history of these structures.

Fowler, Jerome. "The House of Plummer." Riversdale Letter 18 (Fall 2001): 2-4.

Fusonie, Alan and Donna Jean Fusonie, eds. A Selected Bibliography on George Washington's Interest in Agriculture. Agricultural History Center, UC Davis, 1976.

Garrigus, Carl E., Jr. "The Reading Habits of Maryland's Planter Gentry, 1718-1747." Maryland Historical Magazine, 92 (Spring 1997): 36-53.

Glover, Barbara. "Medical Treatment in the Early 19th Century: A Game of Trial and Error." Riversdale Letter 12 (Fall 1995): 2-4.

--. "The Abundance of Illnesses-The Sparsity of Remedies." Riversdale Letter 11 (Winter 1994): 2-4.

--. "Childbirth in the Early Nineteenth Century." Riversdale Letter 11 (Summer 1994): 2-4.

Glover, Lorri M. "Between Two Cultures: The Worlds of Rosalie Stier Calvert." Maryland Historical Magazine, 91 (Spring 1996): 84-94.

Gray, Lewis. History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1933.

Hammond, John Martin. Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1914.

Hardy, Beatriz Betancourt. "Women and the Catholic Church In Maryland, 1689-1776." Maryland Historical Magazine. 94 (Winter 1999): 396-418.

Harris, Susan K. 19th-Century American Women's Novels: Interpretive Strategies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Haslett, Moyra. Byron's Don Juan and the Don Juan Legend. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

Hayes, Kevin J. A Colonial Woman's Bookshelf. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.

Hedrick, U.P, and Elisabeth Woodburn. Horticulture in America to 1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1950; reprint, Portland, Or.: Timber Press, 1988.

Heyl, Edgar. "Bibliographical Notes: Unrecorded pre-1831 Maryland Publications." Maryland Historical Magazine 70 (Winter 1975): 394-400.

Hienton, Louise Joyce. Prince George's Heritage: Sidelights on the Early History of Prince George's County, Maryland from 1696 to 1800. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, [1972].

Hienton's history of Prince George's County weaves together political, urban, economic, military, legal, and social history. The stories of prominent leaders and families receive significant attention. Details concerning family landholdings, manors, and the foundation of churches and schools are included. A biographical sketch of Governor Charles Calvert, Esq., is provided (p. 102-4). Benedict Calvert, George's father, is mentioned in connection with the family of George Washington, whose stepson John Parke Custis married Eleanor Calvert (p. 119-20).

Historic American Buildings Survey No. MD-655. "Baltimore House (Riversdale, Calvert Mansion, Baron de Stier House)." Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, n.d.

Historical Society of Talbot County. The Art of Gardening: Maryland Landscapes and the American Garden Aesthetic, 1730-1930. Easton, Md.: The Society, 1985.

This catalog provides historical context and details of the historical artifacts that the Historical Society of Talbot County featured in an exhibit on gardening history in Maryland. The introductory essay describes how Maryland's gentlemen farmers approached horticulture and gardening as pleasure pursuits. Well-designed and carefully cultivated gardens, especially hothouse conservatories and window gardens that produced fruit and flowers out of season, functioned as status symbols for Maryland's gentry. Before 1804, American horticulturalists relied upon British guides and proscriptions. An overview of key figures in American gardening history, such as Philip Miller, John Beale Bordley, and John and William Bartram, offers insight into their influence and popularity. The discussion of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century gardening emphasizes garden publications, the popularization of suburban gardening, and commercial nurseries.

Hollingsworth, Buckner. Her Garden Was Her Delight. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

Hurst, Harold. "Maryland Gentry in Old Georgetown: 1783-1861." Maryland Historical Magazine 73 (March 78): 1-12.

Hurst describes the influence of southern Maryland's tobacco planters in Georgetown. For planters and merchants, the town acted as an urban center and replaced Annapolis as the center of Maryland's tobacco trade and social life. During the Early Republic and Antebellum periods, patricians from the southern Maryland counties shaped the commercial, political, and religious forces in Georgetown, fostering a Southern atmosphere. Hurst sketches the role played by several prominent families, including the Bowies, Magruders, Marburys, and Keys, but he neglects the Calvert family.

Jabour, Anya. "'Grown Girls, Highly Cultivated': Female Education in an Antebellum Southern Family." Journal of Southern History 64 (February 1998): 23-64.

The Wirt family of Maryland included six daughters who lived to adulthood. The mother, Elizabeth Wirt, received an exceptional education for a woman of her generation and published a popular book on the secret language of flowers, Flora's Dictionary (1832). The father, lawyer and U.S. Attorney General William Wirt, advocated women's education in an 1804 essay, "On the Condition of Women." The Wirts led their daughters down a twisty educational path that reveals their ambivalence towards women's education despite their ideals. Ambitious plans for the Wirt girls' learning went unrealized as each daughter reached maturity. The parents feared that too much classical education and too little domestic experience would hurt the girls' chances for marrying well. Their story provides insight into the growing ambivalence towards women's education that took root in the antebellum South.

Johnson, Pegram, III. "The American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine: 'A Quaint and Curious Volume of Forgotten Lore.'" Maryland Historical Magazine, 89 (Spring 1994): 4-21.

Johnstone, Paul H. "The Rural Socrates." Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 1944) 151-175.

Jump, Kathleen. "The Stier Family in Belgium." Riversdale Letter 4 no 15 (Spring 1986): 2-3.

--. "1816 Art Exhibition Documented." Riversdale Letter 2 no. 8 (1984): 2.

Kirkconnell, Barbara M. Riversdale: The Calvert Mansion, A Study of History and Research Leading to Its Restoration, 1988.

LaRoche, Gerard. "Music at Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 12 (Summer 1995): 2-4.

Lehuu, Isabelle. "Changes in the Word: Reading Practices in Antebellum America." Ph.D. diss., Cornell University, 1992.

Leighton, Ann. American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: "For Use or For Delight." Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.

--. American Gardens in the Nineteenth Century: "For Comfort and Affluence." Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987.

Library of Congress. Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson: Compiled with Annotations by E. Millicent Sowerby. 5 vols. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1952-1959.

Lockwood, Mary S. Historic Homes in Washington: Its Noted Men and Women. New York: Belford Co., 1889.

Calvert Manor is included (pp. 240-245).

Loehr, Rodney C. "The Influence of English Agriculture and American Agriculture, 1775-1825," Agricultural History 2:3-15, Jan. 1937.

Lyons, Martyn. Readers and Society in Nineteenth-Century France: Workers, Women, Peasants. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Marquis, J. Clyde. Social Significance of the Agricultural Press. Annuals of the Association of American Political and Social Sciences 40 (129): 158-162. March 1912.

Maryland Agriculture Week Committee. Breadbasket of the Revolution: Maryland Agriculture, 1776-1976. Annapolis: Maryland Agriculture Week Committee, 1976.

Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. "The Calvert Mansion 'Riversdale'" 1958

McCauley, Lois B. Maryland Historical Prints 1752 to 1889: A Selection from the Robert G. Merrick Collection Maryland Historical Society and Other Maryland Collections. Baltimore, 1975.

On page 97, there is a lithograph of "buildings for Cattle &c. at Riversdale belonging to Chas. B. Calvert esq. 1853" that appeared in the American Farmer.

McDonald, Joyce. "Restoring Riversdale-Calvert Mansion." Passport to the Past 1 (July/August 1990): 1, 6.

--. "Riversdale Interior Design: Past and Future." Passport to the Past 2 (November/December 1991): 2, 6.

Michaelson, Patricia Howell. Speaking Volumes: Women, Reading, and Speech in the Age of Austen. Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 2002.

"The Mick." Riversdale Letter 5 no.20 (Summer 1987): 2.

Middleton, Arthur Pierce. A Virginia Gentleman's Library: As proposed by Thomas Jefferson to Robert Skipworth in 1771 and now assembled in the Brush-Everard House, Williamsburg, Virginia. n.p.: Colonial Williamsburg, n.d.

Miller, Morton "Pat". "A House in Transitional Times." Riversdale Letter 14 (Winter 1997): 2-4.

--. "The Building of Riversdale-Part I" Riversdale Letter 17 (Winter 1999): 2-4.

--. "The Building of Riversdale Part II" Riversdale Letter 18 (Spring 2000): 2-4.

--. "Riversdale Measured." Riversdale Letter 16 no. 61 (Spring 1998): 1, 4.

--. "The Riversdale That Might Have Been: An Architectural Footnote." Riversdale Letter 11 (Spring 1994): 2-4.

Minick, A. Rachel. A History of Printing in Maryland, 1791-1800: With a Bibliography of Works Printed in the State During the Period. Baltimore: Enoch Pratt Free Librar, 1949.

Nicklin, John Bailey. "The Calvert Family." Maryland Genealogies: A Consolidation of Articles from the Maryland Historical Magazine. 2 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1980.

Novash, Paula. "Mrs. Calvert's Reading Pleasure." Riversdale Letter 17 (Spring 1999): 2-4.

Papashvily, Helen Waite. All the Happy Endings: A Study of the Domestic Novel in America, the Women Who Wrote It, the Women Who Read It in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Harper, 1956.

Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. From Seed to Flower: Philadelphia, 1681-1876: A Horticultural Point of View. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1976.

Pinkett, Harold, "The American Farmer, A Pioneer Agricultural Journal, 1819-1834," Agricultural History 24:146-151 July 1950.

--. "Early Agricultural Societies in the District of Columbia." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1951-1952 (1952): 32-55.

This paper traces the development of the first societies and groups that promoted agricultural interests in Washington, D.C. In the new Republic, many wealthy gentlemen farmers recognized that most American farmers had not begun to modernize their practices like their British peers. Influential planters, politicians, and intellectuals formed local and statewide agricultural societies throughout the new nation. These societies sought to promote and popularize the newest methods in farming. When the idea for a federal agricultural society did not materialize, agriculturalists organized the Society for Promoting Public Economy, which focused on farming, in 1806. The short-lived group was eclipsed by the Columbian Agricultural Society for the Promotion of Rural and Domestic Economy in 1809. The new society published the journal Agricultural Museum under the direction of David Wiley. In the 1820s, the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences also encouraged agricultural development, but the institute suffered from poor financial support.

Rieger, Angelica, and Jean-François Tonard, eds. La Lecture au féminin: La Lectrice dans la littérature française du Moyen Age au XX e siècle. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1999.

Riggs, John Beverly. "Certain Early Maryland Landowners in the Vicinity of Washington." Records of the Columbia Historical Society 48-49 (1949): 249-263.

The leading Catholic and Protestant families of the Maryland counties near the nation's capital are the focus of Riggs's paper. The Digges, Darnalls, Carrolls, Addisons, and early Calverts receive the most attention. George Calvert, his Belgian wife, and their Riversdale mansion, which was "so closely identified with the social annals of early Washington," are mentioned on page 261.

"Riversdale Designated a National Historic Landmark by Secretary of the Interior." Friends of Preservation Newsletter 16 (Spring 1998): 1, 2.

Riverdale Golden Panorama Committee. Town of Riverdale, Maryland, 1920-1970. n.p., [1970].

"Riversdale a National Historic Landmark." Riversdale Letter 15 (Winter 1998): 1, 4.

Roberts, Bette B. The Gothic Romance: Its Appeal to Women Writers and Readers in Late Eighteenth-Century England. New York: Arno Press, 1980.

Ryan, Barbara, and Amy M. Thomas, eds. Reading Acts: U.S. Readers' Interactions with Literature, 1800-1950. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2002.

Ryan, Leigh. "The Little Kingdom of Mistress Calvert." Riversdale Letter 17 (Fall 1999): 2-5.

Sarson, Steven. "Landlessness and Tenancy in Early National Prince George's County, Maryland." The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Volume 57, Issue 3 (July 2000): 569-598.

Sarudy, Barbara Wells. Gardens and Gardening in the Chesapeake, 1700-1805. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Schlebecker, John. Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets on the History of Agriculture in the United States, 1607-1967. Santa Barbara, Calif.: American Bibliographical Center and Clio, 1969.

Smith, Marvanna. Chronological Landmarks in American Agriculture. Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 425. Washington, D.C.: USDA, 1979.

Stone, Garry Wheeler. "Manorial Maryland." Maryland Historical Magazine 82 (Spring 1987): 3-36.

In the Seventeenth Century, Lord Baltimore shaped settlement of Colonial Maryland by instituting a manorial system. George Calvert, the first Baron of Baltimore, began granting immigrants with manors, hoping to appeal to the younger sons of the British gentry. The Calverts' desire to create a hierarchical society in their colony was tempered by their plans to attract investors and settlers. Along with the manorial system, Stone describes Maryland geography, the plantation system, and the importance of agriculture (especially tobacco and corn production) to trade in seventeenth-century Maryland.

Stuntz, Stephen C, and Emma B. Hawks, ed. List of Agricultural periodicals of the United States and Canada Published During the Century July 1810-July 1910. Washington: U. S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication 398, 1941.

Sullivan, Larry E. "The Reading Habits of the Nineteenth-Century Baltimore Bourgeoisie: A Cross-Cultural Analysis." Journal of Library History 16 (Summer 1981): 227-40.

Sullivan places the history of the Library Company of Baltimore, which operated from 1796 to 1854, in the context of contemporary libraries in Baltimore. The company's elite board members sought to balance their preference for works of history and theology with subscribers' taste for fiction and biography. In this the company was unique among competing libraries. Circulating libraries such as the Maryland Circulating Library and the Mercantile Library simply catered to readers' interests in light, entertaining books and offered social and educational programs.

Sweeney, Thomas W. "Riversdale Changes for the Better." Historic Preservation News 33 (December 1993/January 1994): 28-29.

Sweeney includes a discussion about the wallpaper in the mansion's library.

Swick, Edgar H. "The History and Construction of the Calvert Mansion in Riverdale, Maryland." Records of Phi Mu, University of Maryland Libraries.

Tanselle, G. Thomas. Guide to the Study of United States Imprints. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard UP, 1971.

Tompkins, Hamilton Bullock. Bibliography of the Works of George Henry Calvert. Newport, R.I., 1900; reprint: Redwood library and athenaeum, Newport, R.I. Catalogue of the Books Bequeathed to the Institution by G. H. Calvert, 1900.

Torbert, Alice Coyle. Eleanor Calvert and Her Circle. New York: William-Frederick Press, 1950.

Eleanor Calvert was the older sister of George Calvert, and her first husband was George Washington's stepson, John Parke Custis.

True, Alfred Charles. "Agricultural Education in the United States," Yearbook of Agriculture, U. S. Department of Agriculture (1899): 157-190.

--. A History of Agricultural Experimentation and Research in the United States, 1607-1925, including a History of the United States Department of Agriculture. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 251, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1937.

--. A History of Agricultural Education in the United States, 1785-1925. USDA Miscellaneous Publication, No. 36. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1929.

The above two are reprinted in Alfred True, On Agricultural Experimentation and Research (New York: Arno Press, 1980).

--. "Popular Education for the Farmer." USDA Yearbook (1897): 279-290.

True, Rodney H., "Jared Eliot, Minister, Physician, Farmer," Agricultural History 2:185-212. Oct. 1928.

--. Beginnings of Agricultural Literature in America. American Library Association. Bulletin 14: 186-194 July 1920.

A bibliographical survey of agricultural literary development, beginning with the reports of the early explorers, in which references are made to food products, and extending to John Skinners' founding of the American Agriculturalist in 1803.

Tucker, David M. Kitchen Gardening in America: A History. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993.

Van Horn, R. Lee. Out of the Past: Prince Georgeans and Their Land. Riverdale, Md.: Prince George's County Historical Society, 1976.

Van Horn completed his manuscript for this text before his death, but Out of the Past was published posthumously. The local history ties together vignettes and scraps of anecdotes, biographical sketches, chronologies with events and dates, and long quotes from primary source materials such as legal documents, diaries, and newspapers. The ownership and development of land in Prince George's county receive considerable attention, along with political events, court cases, and the stories of notable families and individuals. Various branches of the Calvert family are featured in many passages and chronologies. Van Horn provides brief information on the economic and political activities of George Calvert, who oversaw the construction of several bridges and roads (p. 251, 255, and 258), participated in the founding of the Bladensburg Academy (p. 268), and served as president of the Bank of Washington (p. 292). The marriages and deaths of Rosalie and George's children receive mention. Van Horn documents Charles Benedict Calvert's involvement as a representative in the House of Delegates (p. 327), a prominent participant in state agricultural affairs (p. 328-9), and a founder of the first agricultural college in the state of Maryland (p. 344).

Virta, Alan. Prince George's County: A Pictorial History. Virginia Beach, Va: Donning Co., 1998.

Warren, Mary Elizabeth. "Annapolis Gardens." American Forests 81 (April 1975): 16-19.

Photographs dominate this article, which includes a discussion of private and public gardens. Warren describes the involvement of historic preservation activists who fought for excavations and renovations of the William Paca Gardens. Restoration of the Paca gardens drew from period landscaping and plant selections, gathered references from contemporary books and letters, and the botanical setting of a William Paca portrait. Warren mentions several private gardens and the London Town gardens' combination of history and horticulture.

Wass, Anne. "Textiles at Riversdale." Riversdale Letter 13 (Summer 1996): 2-3.

Wheeler, Joseph Towne. "Books Owned by Marylanders, 1700-1776." Maryland Historical Magazine 13 (1940): 337-353.

--. "Reading Interests of Maryland Planters and Merchants, 1700-1776." Maryland Historical Magazine 37 (1942): 26-41.

--. "Reading Interests of the Professional Classes in Colonial Maryland, 1700-1776." Maryland Historical Magazine 36 (1941): 281-301.

--. The Maryland Press, 1777-1790. Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1938.

Wilson, James Grant and John Fiske, eds. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. Six volumes, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887-1889 & edited Stanley L. Klos, 1999.

Winans, Robert Bockée. "The Reading of English Novels in Eighteenth-Century America, 1750-1800." Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1972.

Winans contends that reading British novels was a widespread pastime in eighteenth-century America, contrary to the assertions of preceding literary scholars. While other scholars focused on the numbers of editions produced by American presses, Winans argues that it is more accurate to trace American reading habits through imported book sales and circulating library statistics. The public pronouncements of eighteenth-century American opinion-makers against novels are contrasted with the private reactions and reflections of eighteenth-century readers. Winans discusses the appeal of particular bestsellers and popular authors, such as Laurence Stern and Samuel Richardson.

Winchester, Paul, and Frank D. Webb. Newspapers and Newspaper Men of Maryland: Past and Present. Baltimore: Frank L. Sibley, 1905.

Wiser, Vivian. The Movement for Agricultural Improvement in Maryland. University of Maryland thesis, 1963

--. "Maryland in the Early Land-Grant College Movement," Agricultural History 36:194-199. Oct. 1962

Wolstenholme, Susan. Writing Women as Readers: Gothic (Re)Visions. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.

Wood, Charles B. III, Inc. Antiquarian Booksellers. Garden & Landscape History: a Catalogue of Rare Books. Pittsfield, MA: printed by Eagle Printing, September 1999.

Wood, Charles B. III, Inc. Antiquarian Booksellers. American Architectural Books, 1786-1895. Pittsfield, MA: printed by Eagle Printing, December 2000.

Wright, Sister Catherine. Port O'Bladensburg: A Brief History of a 1742 Town. n.p.: Town of Bladensburg Bicentennial Committee, 1977.

Port O'Bladensburg aims to piece together a patchwork history of the town from isolated stories and information. Brief essays and historical vignettes are strung together with maps, historical photographs, and photographs of dioramas. Historic events and buildings receive the most attention; the stories of churches, schools, houses, and taverns are featured alongside events such as the famous Battle of Bladensburg. Wright identifies and provides highlights from primary source material, including some full-text newspaper articles.

Wroth, Lawrence C. A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686-1776. Baltimore: Typothetae of Baltimore, 1922.

Yentsch, Anne E. A Chesapeake Family and Their Slaves: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Zimmer, Anne Y. Jonathan Boucher: Loyalist in Exile. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1978. Three Centuries of Maryland Architecture. Annapolis, Md.: Maryland Historical Trust, 1982.

This volume collects papers that were presented at the Three Centuries of Maryland Architecture conference, held November 6-8, 1981, by the Maryland Historical Trust. Topics include agricultural change and rural architecture, the architecture related to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and urban architecture of Baltimore.

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Primary Sources

Agricultural Museum. Georgetown, [Washington, D.C.]: David Wiley, 1810-1812.

American Farmer. Baltimore: [J. Robinson] 1819-1834; [Samuel Sands], 1839-1871; Samuel Sands & Sons, 1872-1897.

C. B. Calvert Inventory, WAJ #1:203, Inventories Probate Records, Maryland State Archives.

George Calvert Inventory, PC #3:40, Inventories, Probate Records, Maryland State Archives.

Country Gentleman. Albany, N.Y.: L. Tucker, 1853-1865.

Farmers' Register. Lansingburgh, N.Y.: Francis Adancourt, 1803-1820s; Petersburg, Va.: E. Ruffin, 1833-1843.

Kirkland, O. A. Orphan's Court Sale: Catalogue of Antique Household Furniture, Handsome and Elaborate, English and French Dinner, Tea, and Toilet Ware, Fine Cut Glass, Oil Paintings, French Plate Mirrors, Law and Other Books, at the Residence of the Late Charles B. Calvert, Riversdale, Prince George's County, Maryland, by Order of Thales A. Linthicum, Administrator of Charlotte A. Calvert, deceased. Baltimore, Md.: Printed by W. K. Boyle and Son's Steam Printing Press for O.A. Kirkland & Co., Auctioneers, [1877].

Maryland Gazette. Annapolis, Md.: Jonas Green, 1754-1839.

[Washington] Evening Star. Washington, D.C.: W. D. Wallach & Hope, 1854-1972.

Washington, George, Papers, 1774-1780, Accession #62, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.

Washington Post. Washington, D.C.: [The Washington Post Co.], 1877-1954.

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Online Resources

Agriculture

AgNIC
http://www.agnic.org/

AgNIC is a guide to quality agricultural information on the Internet as selected by the National Agricultural Library, Land-Grant Universities, and other institutions.

Britannia.com
"Jethro Tull"
http://www.britannia.com/bios/jtull.html

Connecticut's Heritage Network
"Jared Eliot" [biographical entry]
http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ctto1763/eliot.htm

The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture
http://chla.mannlib.cornell.edu/

The Core Historical Literature of Agriculture (CHLA) is a core electronic collection of agricultural texts published between the early nineteenth century and the middle to late twentieth century (1847-1967). Full-text materials cover agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, animal science, crops and their protection, food science, forestry, human nutrition, rural sociology, and soil science. Scholars have selected the titles in this collection for their historical importance. Their evaluations and 4,500 core titles are detailed in the seven volume series The Literature of the Agricultural Sciences, Wallace C. Olsen, series editor.

Historic Bartram's Garden
http://www.bartramsgarden.org/

The Bartram family owned a commercial nursery and printed some of the earliest nursery sale catalogs in America. The family's home and gardens are now a historic site and museum. The website includes a history of the Bartram family and their company. [http://www.bartramsgarden.org/history/index.html].

H-Rural
http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~rural

H-Net discussion network "to facilitate discussions about scholarship and teaching in rural and agricultural history."

Sharrer, G. Terry. "Agriculture" [bibliographic essay] http://mdhc.neutralgood.org/essays.php?essay=3

Yale University Library exhibit, "Medicine at Yale, 1701-1901" includes image of Jared Eliot and cover of his Essay
http://info.med.yale.edu/library/exhibits/yalemed1/

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Calvert Family

Archives of Maryland Online
http://www.mdarchives.state.md. us/megafile/msa/speccol/
sc2900/sc2908/html/index.html

Cleydael Historic Home
http://www.cleydael.org/index.shtml

A house built by Dr. and Mrs. Stuart (Rosalie's and George's daughter).

"Fanny Jackson Coppin"
http://www.coppin.edu/welcome/fjcoppin.asp

Coppin State page that discusses Fanny Jackson Coppin, who was a servant in George Henry Calvert's Newport household for a time.

Early American Fiction by the University of Virginia Library
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/eaf/authors/ghc.htm

A brief biographical sketch, portrait, and relevant passages from Oscar Fay Adams, A Dictionary of American Authors, Samuel Austin Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and Evert A. Duvckinck, Cyclopaedia of American Literature.

Maryland ArtSource
http://www.marylandartsource.org/

Maryland ArtSource is maintained by The Baltimore Art Research & Outreach Consortium. The site features portraits of Calvert family members and friends, including Benedict Calvert (George's father), George Calvert, Charlotte Augusta Norris Calvert (Mrs. Charles Benedict Calvert), Fielding Lucas, Jr.

Papers of George Washington
http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/index.html

The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwhome.html

Washington's advice on love and marriage (includes letters to the Custis branch of his family)
http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/marriage/list.html

Riverdale Town Website
http://www.ci.riverdale-park.md.us/History/Nineteenth.htm l

Virtualology
"George Henry Calvert" [biographical entry]
http://famousamericans.net/georgehenrycalvert/

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Maryland History

Exploring Maryland's Roots
http://mdroots.thinkport.org/

Links to Maryland resources compiled by the University of Maryland Libraries Marylandia and Rare Books Department
http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/MarylandCollection/
MDLin ks.html

Maryland History Resource Guide compiled by the University of Maryland Libraries Marylandia and Rare Books Department
http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/MarylandCo llection/
MDResourceGuide/MDHistory.html

Maryland History and Culture Bibliography
http://www.mdhc.org/bibliotest/

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Reading and Printing

American Antiquarian Society
http://www.americanantiquarian.org

Features a catalog and bibliographies.

Early American Periodicals
http://www.comp-index.com

Fielding Lucas, Jr. [biographical entry]
http://www.mdhs.org/library/MappingMD/15flucas.html

Lucas was a publisher, bookdealer, cartographer, and prominent citizen in Baltimore. Published the Practical American Gardener.

History of Reading Special Interest Group
http://www.historyliteracy.org/about.html

Thomas Jefferson Library at the Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/jefferson/learning.html

Jefferson's Library exhibits
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/jefferson/jefflib.html

Information on Sowerby edition and other secondary sources on Jefferson's library
http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/becites/main/
jefferson/88607928.refs.html

Thomas Jefferson Papers: An Electronic Archive
Sponsored by the Massachusetts Historical Society
http://www.thomasjeffersonpapers.org/

The Thomas Jefferson Digital Archives at the University of Virginia
http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/

Making of America: Cornell University
http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/

Cornell University Library's contributes to the Making of America (MOA) digital library project. MOA features full-text primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.

Making of America: University of Michigan
http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp/

The University of Michigan Libraries also contribute to the Making of America (MOA) digital library project. MOA features full-text primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction.

Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing
http://www.sharpweb.org/

University of Maryland: World Wide Web Resources on the History of Printing and the Book
http://www.lib.umd.edu/RARE/RareCollection/
webresou rces.html

University of Virginia Library: Northanger Canon Collection
http://www.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/exhibits/gothic/n orth.html

In Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey, the character Isabella lists titles that she considers to be Gothic classics. Readers commonly refer to the list as the "Northanger Canon." First editions of the "Northanger Canon" books comprise the core of the Gothic literature collection at the University of Virginia Library.

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